Clinical guidelines of patient-centered bladder management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to chronic spinal cord injury – Part 4: Patient risk, bladder management, and active surveillance Hsu LN, Jhang JF, Ou YC, Chuang YC, Jang MY, Chin CW, Juan YS, Yang MH, Lin WY, Liu HH, Li JR, Kuo HC,

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Clinical guidelines of patient-centered bladder management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to chronic spinal cord injury – Part 4: Patient risk, bladder management, and active surveillance Lin-Nei Hsu¹, Jia-Fong Jhang², Yin-Chien Ou³, Yao-Chi Chuang⁴, Mei-Yu Jang⁵, Cheih-Wen Chin⁶, Yung-Shun Juan⁷, Min-Hsin Yang⁸, Wei-Yu Lin⁹, Hsin-Ho Liu¹⁰, Jian-Ri Li¹¹, Hann-Chorng Kuo² ¹ Department of Urology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan ² Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan ³ Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ⁴ Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gang Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ⁵ Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ⁶ Department of Urology, Feng Shan Lee Chia Wen Urologic Clinic, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ⁷ Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ⁸ Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ⁹ Department of Urology, Chung Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan ¹⁰ Department of Urology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan ¹¹ Department of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan Correspondence Address: Hann-Chorng Kuo, Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, 707, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien 97002 Taiwan Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None DOI: 10.4103/UROS.UROS_117_22

Urological complications are common in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Inappropriate bladder management may result in high voiding pressure, low bladder compliance, large postvoid residual urine volume, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Thus, long-term surveillance of high-risk patients with SCI is required to avoid urological complications and improve the quality of life. Herein, the current evidence and expert opinions on patient-centered bladder management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) in patients with chronic SCI in Taiwan are presented. Regular physical and urological examinations should be performed in patients with SCI depending on their risk of upper urinary tract deterioration. For patient with SCI who have received different bladder management and surgical intervention, education on proper bladder emptying and regular surveillance are mandatory. It is critical to identify high-risk patients to prevent renal functional deterioration in those with chronic SCI-induced NLUTD. Thus, annual active surveillance of bladder and renal function is required, particularly in high-risk patients with SCI.

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    -  Hsu LN
    -  Jhang JF
    -  Ou YC
    -  Chuang YC
    -  Jang MY
    -  Chin CW
    -  Juan YS
    -  Yang MH
    -  Lin WY
    -  Liu HH
    -  Li JR
    -  Kuo HC

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